Women Vs. Oppression The Continuous Struggle For Equality

Women vs. Oppression: The Continuous Struggle for Equality â€Å"Then, and not until then, will there be the perfect comradeship, the ideal union between the sexes that shall result in the highest development of the race† (Susan B Anthony). Feminism has evolved into our society in a slowly but remarkably life-changing way. Since the beginning of time, men have been deemed superior over women for the anatomy of their bodies and intellectual abilities. In the 21st century, patriarchal abuse has lessened and may not be practiced by women anymore; however, feminist (women and men) are fighting against these controversial roles implemented to them by society and culture. Many have the urge to presume that a feminist is a stereotypical man-hating activist who believes all the troubles in the world are caused by men. Feminism is anything but a stereotype; in fact the definition of feminism is â€Å"the advocacy of women’s rights on the grounds of political, social, and econom ic equality to men.† Equality is the main aspect that ties feminist together through the hardships of the developing society. Feminist perspectives therefore challenge and explore patriarchal interests implemented in women’s ability to express themselves and the quality of their lives. Fundamentally, feminist analysis intends to closely examine how male dominance and female advocacy manifest themselves in specific angles of society. 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Family Law in Singapore Womens Rights

Question: Describe about the Family Law in Singapore of Womens Rights. Answer: Marriage cannot be spared under some circumstances. On the off chance that you've chosen to petition for a separation, the laws of Singapore have to be comprehended. In Singapore, the reasons for separation are unique compared to other countries. The reason for separation in Singapore are unique in relation to in numerous different nations :( Leong, 1997). The stand out ground for separation in Singapore is when the marriage has irretrievably separated and to exhibit this you should prove one of the accompanying: If the defendant had committed Infidelity. For this to be valid, a special report must be given by a private examiner and the claim is null and avoided in the event you continue living with your partner for six months after the incident. A conduct which is not accepted. This can incorporate verbal and physical abuse, betting or anything that makes marriage to be unfortunate. When the partners had a mutual agreement to separate and this has gone past 3 years. When the partners have separated for four years even if only 1 party looks for separation. More than two years of desertion. This can happen when your spouse has left for another country for more than two years and you cannot trace them (Leong, 1997). For this situation, Cindy can't decline to assent on Henry's application since they had engaged in verbal abuses and Henry had been away for over four years hence, Henry has a right to apply for divorce. The custody of the child The custody of the child is in some cases a standout amongst the most petulant issues in a divorce. In womens charter, a child is a person under 21 years. The Guardianship of Infant Act is the principle statute representing child care in Singapore it is supplemented by the Women's Charter alongside the Administration of Muslim Law Act. The law of authority applies to each individual in Singapore, paying little mind to whether one is Muslim or non-Muslim (Amirthalingam, 2005). In choosing the sort of authority request in Singapore, the standard of welfare rule is applied by the judges, where the ideal course of action is determined by the child best interest. The Social Welfare Report is the commonly used report. This reports are always requested by the court for disagreements regarding the parent who should be given the custody of the child, and they are arranged by officers from the Ministry of Community Development and Sports. The child is talk to and examined by the officers and they determine the parent whom the child is more conversant with (Lauer, 2004). Other factors which are considered before the custody is made are: The essential parental figure of the youngster amid his/her developmental years The present living plans The youngster's desires The guardian's desires The age of the youngster The guardians' money related capacity Presence of family backing In any case, it ought to be noticed that the Court would not organize the guardians' desires and likings over the welfare of the child. Likewise, the guardian with a higher budgetary capacity does not as a matter of course give him/her an edge in custodial game plans (Thean D.S, 2001). In Singapore, mothers are honored for the care and control of the child. It is frequently a tough assignment for fathers to battle for full care and control of the child. Unless the request made by the father is accepted by the mother, or the tyke is at an age where he/she can express obviously to the Court his/her yearning to stay with the father, it is rare for the court to offer the father the control of the baby unless it is uncommon cases where the mother is abusive or neglects her responsibility to the child. Access is conceded to the guardian who is not given care and control of the kid, ordinarily the fathers. The beginning stage of access requests is the assumption that the tyke ought to have admittance to the non-custodial guardian thusly get to is helpful for the kid. Consequently the dispute regularly lies in the quantum of access to be given. This is particularly since the Women's Charter does not stipulate the measure of access time a guardian ought to be given with his/her youngster (Weitzman, 1985). Looking at the current conditions and also condition on the women charter, Cindy will have the custody of the child and Henry will have the access of the child. This is due to the speculations stated in the law where mothers interest comes first unless the child is able to express herself and the child is only 7 years. Cindy has also been providing for the child since Henry left hence she can manage to provide for her child (Weitzman, 1985). Womens charter under section 69, one can apply for maintenance: For your child from the other guardian, in the event that he or she dismisses or declines to furnish your child with sensible upkeep; For yourself from your husband if your husband has refused to provide reasonable assistance When you are under full time study you can ask for maintenance from your husband The Court can likewise make support orders for a spouse and kids in pending separation procedures, or as a feature of conclusive requests in the auxiliary matters in separation procedures under the Women's Charter. Under the Women's Charter, the obligation of keeping up the youngsters lies with both guardians. This doesn't change if the guardians divorce, or if the youngsters now live with only one guardian. The Court typically arranges the guardian without consideration and control to pay the kids' upkeep to the guardian with consideration and control (Lauer, 2004). The Court is compelled by a sense of honor to consider every one of the circumstances of the case. Segments 69 and 114 determine some specific issues that the Court will consider. These include: The money related necessities of the spouse or youngster; The pay, procuring limit (assuming any), property and other money related assets of the spouse or tyke; Any physical or mental inability of the spouse or youngster; and The age of every gathering to the marriage and the term of the marriage. You, and additionally the respondent to your application, will be requested that deliver the pertinent reports in Court to empower the Judge to settle on a choice on the fitting measure of support to be requested. Reasons for making a will It is vital for you to make a will in light of the fact that if you dont, and you die what happens to your property will be decided by the law of intestacy. A will can guarantee that legitimate courses of action are made for your dependents and that your property is disseminated in the way you wish after you die , subject to specific privileges of companions/common accomplices and children (Thean D.S, 2001). Intestate is a person who dies without a will, this means that the law of administrator ensures your estate, or everything that you own, is distributed. This can only be done when the administrators are granted permission by the Grant of the Representation. Testator is a male who has made his will and for a female it is a testatrix. Testate is a person who dies having signed a valid will. For this person, all possessions will be distributed as stated in the will. The executor or the executors mentioned in the will are responsible for the distribution of this properties. Joint Property Joint property is property that is owned by two or more people, such as land and bank accounts. The right of survivorship is included in the joint property meaning that when one joint owner dies, the ownership of the property passes to the surviving joint owner or owners. Joint property with the right of survivorship does not form the part of deceased person property and cannot be disposed of under a Will. A will can be signed by any individual who is 18 years of age and above and is not mentally challenged. When making a will, one must be conversant with the figurers and the amount of the asset that will be given to the beneficiary named on the will. You must also be of sound minded for the will to be considered (Fox Kelly, 1995). When a free form is filled from any force or undue influence practiced by an individual, then a court can confirm a will. A will is always prepared by the lawyer and the lawyer ensures that The intentions are stated clearly in the will He advices on terms and content of the will The requirements needed for valid will are met There are some properties which are not included in the will. This are registered retirement saving plans and also insurance policy. The executor is not responsible for dealing with this type of property and also the estate fees attached on it. The will made by Madeline was not valid. This is because she did not consider some essential terms in making her will she did not also consider the legal right of the spouse when making her will. Generally there is freedom of disposing your asset at will but the law in Singapore protects the right of the spouse hence the will made by Madeline is not valid (Thean D.S, 2001). If one pass away without the CPF nomination, the CPF is transferred to the Public Trustee for distribution and when one is single, the CPF is distributed among parents and when married the spouse receive the half and children share the remaining. The CPF monies goes to the government in the case where there is no relative around. CPF can be distributed separately when a nomination is made and it states the amount to be received. In this case Madeline parents remain the beneficiary of her CPF monies. Previously the nomination had been revoked by marriage but her re-nomination in 2010 make them valid for the CPF monies (Sherraden, at al, 1995). According to the will written by Madeline, her sister Trina is entitled to possess the flats. This is due to valid writings she jotted before any challenge is made. In her will Trina was given the flats, parents given the CPF and the husband given the paint. The flat was bought before marriage and she had no child. When Madeline had written a valid will according to the rule and guidance of Singapore, Joshua is the legit beneficiary of the flats by one half. According to the laws, if a person leaves a will and the spouse has never given up the right of the estate then the spouse is entitled to legal right share. This legal right share entitles the spouse one-half of the total estate when there is no child and one-third of estate when there is children. Any executor is obliged to provide this share without the spouse going to the court the spouse also have the advantage to take what is stated in the will or the legal right share. Therefore, Joshua will have six months to decide whether to take the paints stated on the will or to go for legal right share (Sherraden, at al, 1995). Reference list Leong, W. K. (1997).Principles of family law in Singapore. Butterworth- Leong, Kum, L. W. (2011).Singapore Women's Charter: 50 Questions. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Leong, W. K. (2008). Fifty years and more of the Women's Charter of Singapore.Singapore Journal of Legal Studies, 1-24. Amirthalingam, K. (2005). Women's rights, international norms, and domestic violence: Asian perspectives.Human Rights Quarterly,27(2), 683-708. Lauer, R. H., Lauer, J. C. (2004).Marriage and family: The quest for intimacy. McGraw-Hill Companies. Ong, D. S. (1999). The Singapore family court: family law in practice. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family,13(3), 328-349. Thean, V., Ong, D. S. L. (2001). 13. Family Law.Singapore Academy of Law Annual Review of Singapore Cases, (Annual Review 2001), 226. Weitzman, L. J. (1985).Divorce revolution. Free Press; Collier Macmillan. Neugebauer, R. (1989). Divorce, custody, and visitation: The child's point of view.Journal of Divorce,12(2-3), 153-168. Fox, G. L., Kelly, R. F. (1995). Determinants of child custody arrangements at divorce.Journal of Marriage and the Family, 693-708. Koh, B. S., Mitchell, O. S., Tanuwidjaja, T., Fong, J. (2008). Investment patterns in Singapore's central provident fund system.Journal of Pension Economics and Finance,7(01), 37-65. Sherraden, M., Nair, S., Vasoo, S., Liang, N. T., Sherraden, M. S. (1995). Social policy based on assets: The impact of Singapore's Central Provident Fund.Asian Journal of Political Science,3(2), 112-133.

Shop And Cars Study Essays - The Swatch Group, Luxury Brands, Watch

Shop And Cars Study Acknowledgements Contents List of Tables List of Figures Executive Summary Introduction Background Rupani Brothers, established in 1943, is a watch shop located in Hazratganj, Lucknow. It is into the sale and repair of watches and clocks. The shop sells watches of many reputed brands, in all price ranges. Some of the famous brands of watches sold at Rupani Brothers are Tissot, Rado, Timex, Titan, HMT, Omega, Swatch, Bentex, D'signer, Citizen, etc. They also sell many brands of clocks such as Citizen, Prestige, Opel, Samay, Siwa and Rewa. They cater to customers of all classes and categories, but its primary target group is the upper middle strata and the higher strata of the society. Objective of the Study Our objective is to make suggestions that would increase the sales of Rupani Bros. by 10 percent, through the application of our knowledge of marketing concepts. METHODOLOGY Research Design We planned to do our study from three angles: A study of the shop: This would involve a detailed study of the shop. We would get detailed information from the shop owner and from our observations of the shop. This is to understand the factors that go into making a successful watch shop like services offered, promotional and advertising strategy adopted by the shop etc. A study of the competitors: We planned to look at the shop's competitors in Hazratganj. The main competitors are listed below: 1. The Titan Showroom 2. Universal Watch Shop 3. Kings' Watch Shop We do this in order to compare what Rupani Bros. has to offer to the customers with that of its competitors. This comparison would give us a clear picture of the areas in which Rupani Bros. have to improve. Study of the customers: We planned to conduct a detailed study of people in Hazratganj wherein we would ask them specific questions by means of questionnaire designed by us. The purpose of the study is to know their behaviour as far as purchase of watches is concerned and their views on the shop. These expectations would be mapped with what the shop actually offers, and accordingly we would come up with some concrete suggestions as to how the shop can meet these expectations. Data Collection We followed the above mentioned research design for data collection A study of the shop: We collected information about the shop from the shop-owner and by our own observations during our four visits to the shop. From the shop owner we got detail regarding the brands of watches and clocks sold, sales figures for the various brands in terms of both units sold and revenue generated, division of sales among watches and clocks, busy and lean season, advertising strategy and sales promotions followed, and the after sales services offered. Through our observation of the shop we found out the general d?cor of the shop, the display of watches, space availability and the services offered by the sales people. A study of the competitors: We looked at the shop's three competitors in Hazratganj. All the three shops provide stiff competition to Rupani Bros as they are located in proximity to the shop and target the same market segment comprising the upper middle strata and the higher strata of the society. The study involved observation of the competitor shops to get information regarding the various brands of watches and clocks sold, the display of watches and clocks, the d?cor of the shop and the quality of services offered. A study of the customers: We conducted a detailed study of people in Hazratganj by means of a questionnaire. In the questionnaire we asked specific questions like Their favorite brands of watches The major occasions on which they buy them The sources they use to gather information about watches The people who influence their purchase decision, and What they look for in a watch shop. We interviewed a total of sixty-three people, all in Hazratganj. The reason for conducting the survey entirely in Hazratganj is that there we would get a sample of people who are either already customers of the shop or are potential customers. Thus the sample would be representative of the target market segment of the shop DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS Data collected from Shop: The shop is very well situated; it occupies a corner plot just

Completed Suicide

Completed Suicide â€Å"Completed Suicide â€Å"Completed Suicide By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about the use of a new way of referring to suicide: I came across completed suicide repeatedly in an article by the Mental Health of America Board of directors that used this phrase repeatedly in their petition to have President Obama send letters of condolence to family of service members that have committed suicide.   Is completed suicide correct? I have heard of committed suicide and attempted suicide, but not completed suicide. Whats your take?    My take is that, outside its valid use in medical literature, the expression completed suicide is being used as a euphemism by people who feel there’s more of a stigma attached to saying that someone â€Å"committed suicide.† In a post at Common Sense Journalism, Doug Fisher says that he asked several copy editors what they thought of the term and found that â€Å"the reaction was almost uniformly negative† regarding its use. His post includes a comment by Pam Wood, chief copy editor of the American Medical News, in which she explains the medical use of the term. In a non-technical context, â€Å"completed suicide† is redundant. Suicide is a word like murder; the single word says it all. There can be nothing incomplete about a suicide. It is an accomplished act. One can speak of â€Å"a failed suicide attempt.† Once the act has been committed, it’s a suicide. Trying to soften the anguish of a family member who has lost a child or spouse to suicide is understandable. Support groups can be excused for using the term â€Å"completed suicide† if they think that it will make their members feel better. Professional journalists probably ought to go ahead and say that someone has committed suicide. Besides, over time, euphemisms have a way of becoming just as harsh as the original expression. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 126 Feel-Good Words90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

MGT 511 CASE ASSIGNMENT MODULE 4 Employee and Industrial Relations Essay

MGT 511 CASE ASSIGNMENT MODULE 4 Employee and Industrial Relations - Essay Example In terms of strategic human resource management, the employees as well as the industrial relations play a major role in the success of the strategic human resource management. A few of the many aspects that impact the strategic human resource management within a company include the following: a) Engaging employees: Employees form the main element of any business and the main aim of industrial relations is to ensure that a strong and effective relationship is built between the employers and employees (D'Annunzio-Green, Maxwell and Watson). The industrial relations also focus on protecting the rights of the management as well as the rights of the employees. This is in most cases done by creating goodwill and also with mutual understanding and trust among all the parties involved in the organisation. Industrial relations focuses on complete engagement of the employees and also focuses on improving the overall productivity and performance of the employees. Here the aim is to reduce the p ossible turnover and also to reduce the frequent absenteeism within the company as well (Armstrong). Strategic Human Resource management is focused on developing an interrelated approach towards better relationships and also higher productivity. The participation of the employees and the emphasis on the work groups have a major impact on the overall strategic human resource management (Greer). Employee participation includes the following aspects, i.e. motivation of employees, the commitment of the workforce, high efficiency, and also good and strong decision making within the company (York). All of these contribute to the strategic human resource management. b) Employee Performance and Documentation: The need for freedom of performance, thought and also expression is one of the main aspects of every employee in almost every industry. However when these are ignored and employees are treated more as objects than individuals, the impact is directly seen on the overall desire, motivati on and performance (Beer, Lawrence and Mills). An important aspect that every worker wants from the job is the security and recognition of a job well done. Employees also seek out good pay, good and safe working conditions and also any chance of participating in the decision making within a company (Dessler). Human resource management involves the understanding of the needs and aspirations of the workers and also works developing and explaining the behaviour of both individuals as well as groups and to look at possible ways to use the behaviour to improve the working conditions and also to work more successfully towards the objectives of the company (Jack and Halloran). Good understanding of the employees and their needs and also focus on the improvement of the working conditions of the company help reducing the overall conflicts within the company and also help in betterment of the employee participation equally (Torrington, Hall and Taylor, Fundamentals of Human Resource Managemen t: Managing People at Work). c) Complaint systems and whistleblowers   A complaint system and whistleblower is important for every business and helps keeping the disputes at bay and even in a number of cases preventing the disputes. Different complaint systems like the employee grievance redressals, which work on ensuring that the employee grievances are looked into and taken care of and industrial disputes are

European Law assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Law assessment - Essay Example Essentially, if the national court has â€Å"any real doubts†¦it should ordinarily refer†.1 Sir Bingham’s interpretation is far too close to the duty imposed on the courts of final appeal. As determined by the ECJ in Srl CILFIT and Lanificio di Garvardo SpA v Ministry under Article 234 (now Article 267), a court of final appeal is required to refer to the ECJ unless the issue of Community law arising at the trial is irrelevant or had already been determined by the ECJ or the resolution is obvious.2 In other words, the court of final appeal is required to make a reference to the ECJ where there is a real doubt pertaining to an issue of Community law. The use of the word â€Å"may† in Article 267 is hardly coincidental. It could only mean that under Article 267, national courts do not have a mandatory obligation to refer questions of Community law to the ECJ.4 The duty to refer preliminary questions on the interpretation and application of Community law is only mandatory when a court of final appeal is hearing the relevant case and remedies at the national level have been exhausted.5 However, when Sir Bingham’s ruling is considered together with the wider objectives of Article 267, his interpretation of Article 267 is entirely compatible with Article 267. The provision of preliminary references under Article 267 of TFEU is often characterized as the main â€Å"procedural† nexus for linking national courts with the ECJ within the Community’s legal framework.6 It makes the procedural link between national courts and the ECJ by providing a method by which member states integrate their legal systems in that national courts can ensure that Community law are enforced throughout the Community.7 There are essentially two primary goals enshrined in Article 267 of TFEU. Firstly, the preliminary reference procedure within the ambit of Article 267 is aimed at preserving national courts’ independence. Secondly, it is aimed at facilitating consistency,

A Socio Ecological Model

A Socio Ecological Model A Socio- ecological model focuses on the influences on behaviour with focus on the environment and policy and reorientations of organizations such as the health system. The use of e ecological model presents a problem from other models, whereas other models can be specific, ecological model only give domains and does not give specific guidelines as to which domain to use for what specific behaviour. Where as psyco-social models propose a more generalised approach for example self efficacy and behavioural influences in dealing with issues ecological model has to be tailor made to a behaviour and a population. Hence other theories needs to be integrated into the model to aid in specify to deal with the problem at had Healthy Active Oregon 2003: Socio-Ecological ModelLooking Beyond the Individual http://www.balancedweightmanagement.com/TheSocio-EcologicalModel.htm The socio-ecological model recognises the interwoven interaction between the individual the environment in which he lives in. although the individual is responsible for maintaining a lifestyle that improves health and reduce risk, the social environment the individual lives in determines behaviour to a large extent, these can hence form a barrier which in a way can affect the community as a whole in achieving a behaviour change. Hence the social ecological approach suggests intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, organizational and public policy in dealing with a problem at hand. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs-2007. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; October 2007. Social norms play a significant role in shaping beliefs and behaviors in healthy and unhealthy ways.10 For example, survey data from California indicate that adult smokers with strong attitudes about the health effects and restriction of secondhand smoke are more than twice as likely to have made a recent quit attempt and to have the intention to quit in the next six months.11 Adult smokers who demonstrated strong anti-tobacco industry beliefs were 65% more likely to have made a recent quit attempt and 85% more likely to have the intention to quit in the next six months.11 tobacco control program combines and coordinates community-based interventions that focus on 1) preventing initiation of tobacco use among youth and young adults, 2) promoting quitting among adults and youth, 3) eliminating exposure to secondhand smoke, and 4) identifying and eliminating tobacco-related disparities among population groups. Reducing tobacco use is particularly challenging Community Programs A community encompasses a diverse set of entities, including voluntary health agencies; civic, social, and recreational organizations; businesses and business associations; city and county governments; public health organizations; labor groups; health care systems and providers; health care professionals societies; schools and universities; faith communities; and organizations for racial and ethnic minority group State capacity and infrastructure, including clear leadership and dedicated resources, are essential to the development and implementation of a strong strategic plan that includes the identification and elimination of tobacco-related disparities Tobacco control programs need to foster the motivation to quit through policy changes and media campaigns and promote their quitline services. McLeroy, K. R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., Glanz, K. (1988). An ecological perspective on health promotion programs. Health Education Qarterly, 15(4), 351-377. McLeroy K R, Steckler Ab, Goodman RM and Burdine JN(1992) Health Education education research: theory and Practises-future direction. Health Education Research, 7:1-8. Piper S (2009) HEALTH PROMOTION FOR NURSES; theory and practice. Routledge Oxon pp28 Borland R, Chapman S, Owen N and Hill D (1990): Effects of Workplace Smoking Bans on Cigarette Consumption. American Journal of Public Health 80, 2 A survey by Borland et al examined the effect of smoking ban on the behaviour of workers in the workplace of Australias largest public service. Before the implementation of the ban publicity was done for a year, there were programs set up to help people quit smoking, control smoking addiction and pre-deadline restrictions were introduced at some worksites. 2,113 workers were surveyed for 2 weeks before the implementation of the ban and six month after the ban was introduced. The survey found out that of the 2113 participants, 492 participants who were smoking at the time of the initial survey had reduced to 471 giving a reduction of 21 smokers after the ban. 57 smokers at the initial survey had given up at follow up whereas 36 non-smokers at initial survey were reported to have started smoking. 58% of those who gave up are reported to have done so following the implementation of the smoking ban. The study also assessed the effect of the pre-implementation restrictions on the workers. Participants were grouped into those who were allowed to smoke at the work station(43%) and those who were not allowed to smoke at their work stations (57%) . the result showed a 4.5 cigarette pre day consumption difference between those who were not allowed to smoke on site and those who were allowed. After the ban it was also found that there was a 5.2 cigarettes reduction among those who had the pre-implementation restrictions and a 1.9 cigarettes reduction among those who were not restricted. Further the survey explored. The survey further explored the effect on the participants who did not have any restrictions prior to the ban. Participants were grouped into light, heavy and moderate smokers. It was found out that whiles there were no changes in consumption among the light smokers there was an average reduction of 5.8 and 7.9 cigarettes per day among moderate and heavy smokers respectively . However heavy smokers did not appear to smoke more coffee and lunch breaks though they tend to smoke more whiles working outside. There was an average compensated increase of 0.7 cigarettes outside the working environment. This study is based on the ecological model where a change in the environment causes a change in individuals behaviour. The socio-ecological model recognises the interwoven interaction between the individual and the environment in which he lives in (Healthy Active Oregon 2003). Although the individual is responsible for maintaining a lifestyle that improves health and reduce risk, the social environment the individual lives in determines behaviour to a large extent; these can hence form a barrier which in a way can affect the community as a whole in achieving a behaviour change (Healthy Active Oregon 2003). Hence the social ecological approach suggests intrapersonal, interpersonal, community, organizational and public policy in dealing with a problem at hand (McLeroy et al, 1988). Jane Wills (2007) VITAL NOTES FOR NURSES; Promoting Health. Blackwell Publishing Ltd Oxford pp 59 Legislative action is also intended to change behaviour through the state, this includes national policies and provision of supportive systems to aid people to be able to cope with the change and sustain healthy life styles. But this intervention may be met with such resistance and people may be forced to under take smoking undercover making it difficult to actually identify the individuals who are undertaking such acts Naidoo J and Wills J (2005) PUBLIC HEALTH AND HEALTH PROMOTION; developing practice. Second edition of practising Health Promotion: Dilemmas and Challenges. BAILLIERE TINDALL, LONDON WHO (1986) Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion www.who.int/hpr/archive/docs/ottawa.html (accessed on 12/02/10) Bauer J E, Hyland A, Li Q, Steger C Cummings M K (2005): A Longitudinal Assessment of the Impact of Smoke-Free Worksite Policies on Tobacco Use. American Journal of Public Health, 95(6): 1024-1029. Stokols D (1996) Translating Social Ecological Theory into Guidelines for Community Health Promotion; American Journal of Health Promotion, 10(4):282-98 Davies M Macdowall W (2006) Health Promotion Theory; UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC HEALTH. Open University Press, ENGLAND National Tobacco Strategy (1999): A SUMMARY DOCUMENT TO ACCOMPANY THE STRATEGY http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/09C1490BFFCC1872CA256F190004478B/$File/tobccstrat1.pdf. This is part of a national tobacco strategy framework, whose main objective is to improve the health of all citizens of Australia by eradicating or limiting the exposure of tobacco and all it forms. The key strategies that was set up for the frame work was to improve the control of tobacco through community action, promote cessation of the use of tobacco, limit promotion and regulate tobacco and finally, reduce environmental exposure to the smoke of tobacco. A community is said to be well-informed when it has adequate information on tobacco to be able to make an informed decision on tobacco use. In the community information such as how to get help and quit, the difference between the use of tobacco and addiction, the effect of tobacco smoke on the environment, the benefits of quitting at any age and sooner than latter and on a whole the effect of tobacco on the society. It is a well known fact that information alone does not lead to behaviour by individuals in the community. For a community to gain control over tobacco use it has to be involved in the planning and implementation of community based programes for controlling tobacco. Community leaders, parents, schools and youth organiztions can all be involved. All though the survey does not account how data was collected to assess community participation, can be assumed that since this was part of a national frame work and employees are part of a community it may be possible for the individuals to be involved in some kind of a community based activity. And the whole employees come together forms a community that can be involved in tobacco control activities and also form a network to support each other. Egger G, Spark R Donovan R (2005): HEALTH PROMOTION STRATEGIES AND METHODS. 2nd Edition McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. It was reported in the study that 36 people who were non-smokers previously at the initial survey had started smoking at follow up (Borland et al, 1990). This reinforces the notion that knowledge does not motivate an individual to change their behaviour. Individuals are bombarded with so much information in our current society, but people perceive the information based on their own psychological inclination. People can select what they want to hear and ignores others that is likely to make them change their habits. Also people have their own beliefs and ideologies about what causes disease conditiones. And almost every smoker can point out an old smoker who has not developed cancer or someone who died of lung cancer but never smoked.